IPv6
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This material was developed with funding from the
National Science Foundation under Grant # DUE 1601612
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IP addresses are drawn from the Unallocated Address Number Pool, administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). On January 31, 2011, IANA allocated the last /8 IPv4 address blocks to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). Each RIR (such as ARIN or LACNIC) allocates from its locally administered number pool. IP address ranges then make their way to Internet Service Providers (ISP). The ISP assigns the IP address to the end user.
IP Address Assignment
199.17.55.1
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199.17.55.0/24 205.0.8.0/24
340 undecillion
IPv6 was developed in the mid to late 90s. It is a 128-bit address space written in hexadecimal and provides 340 undecillion addresses. Compare this to IPv4 which provided 4.29 billion addresses. What happened to IPv5? Version 5 was used by the Internet Stream Protocol, an experimental streaming protocol and it was never introduced for public use.
Moving to IPv6
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=
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
160
105
1,048,576
104
100,000
Decimal
Hexadecimal Numeral System
65,536
10,000
165
103
The hexadecimal numeral system (hex) is made up of 16 “digits” (base 16). The standard number system is decimal (base 10) which uses ten “digits”. Hexadecimal uses the ten decimal numbers plus six alpha characters for a total of 16 “digits”.
4,096
164
1,000
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102
256
163
100
Click to compare the hexadecimal numeral system to the decimal number system.
16
162
10
101
Hexadecimal
1
161
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
IPv6 Address Notation
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Each 16-bit segment is separated by a colon
One hex digit equals 4 bits
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses.
There are eight 16-bit segments that range between 0000 and FFFF
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For the IP address below, apply Rule 1 and enter your answer in the blank box (the first two 16-bit segments have been done as an example).
Correct!
:
Element
with Audio
HTML
2001
Try Again!
To simplify the entry of IPv6 addresses, the address can be shortened. The maximum reduction of an IPv6 address is known as the compressed format. There are several rules for compressing IPv6 addresses. Rule 1 is that any leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to be written.
db8
Hint: Any leading zeroes do not have to be written
IPv6 Rule 1
Click the COMPRESS button to see the compressed format of the IP address.
Rule 2
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COMPRESS
The second rule is that any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments that are all zeroes can be represented with a double colon (::).
Rule 1
IPv6 Rule 2
For the IP address below enter your answer in the blank box.
(Note: Please don’t use any blank spaces in your answer).
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Compressed Address 1
Hint: The longest string of zeroes must be replaced by ::
Click the COMPRESS button to see the compressed format of the IP addresses.
IPv6 Rule 3
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If an IP address contains more than one string of contiguous all-zero segments, the longest string of zeroes must be replaced by the :: and if they are equal, the first string of zeroes uses the :: representation.
Compressed Address 2
Hint: if the strings of zeroes are equal, the first string of zeroes uses the :: representation
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Compressed Address 3
Anycast
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Multicast
Assigned to more than one interface (typically different devices). When a packet is sent to an anycast address, it is delivered to the closest interface. Anycast addresses can only be used by a device (not a host), and it cannot be used as the source address of an IPv6 packet.
Click each type of address for more information.
Used by multiple hosts (handles the functionality of an IPv4 broadcast address) and always begins with FF. A device sends a single packet to multiple destinations simultaneously.
Unicast
Types of Addresses
Identifies a single node on a network. Unicast addresses include Global Unicast (globally routable), Link-Local (not routable), Loopback and Unique Local addresses (private addresses). A unicast address sends a single packet to a single destination.
Click each item to apply the address structure parts.
Interface ID
Address Structure
Interface ID
Routing or Global Prefix
Subnet ID
You can have shorter routing prefixes of 48 bits. This means that the subnet ID will be longer.
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Network &
Subnetwork
Interface ID
The interface ID part of the address can be created several different ways by:Using the interface’s MAC addressObtaining one automatically from a DHCPv6 serverRandom assignmentManual configuration
Unicast and anycast addresses have the same structure. The first four fields (64 bits) refer to the network and subnetwork. The last four fields are the interface ID (think host portion of an IPv4 address).
Typically, the first 56 bits within the address are the routing, or global, prefix. The next 8 bits are the subnet ID .
Routing/Global
Prefix
Subnet ID
Network and Subnetwork
Shorter Routing
Prefix
Longer Subnet ID
16 bits
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Prefix Length
Address Range
An IPv6 address range will be made up of the following:Prefix – equivalent to the network address of an IPv4 address; made up of the global routing prefix and subnet IDPrefix length – a decimal value indicating the number of leftmost contiguous bits of the address that identifies the network portion of the address (equivalent to the subnet mask in IPv4). When used with a unicast address, it separates the prefix portion of the address from the Interface ID.Interface ID – equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address
Global Routing Prefix
Close
FF00::/8
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
The link-local unicast range (FE80::10 to FEBF::/10) is not routable off the link. An IPv6 device must have at least a link-local (local to the network) address to communicate to the IPv6 network before it has a GUA. The router’s link-local address is used by hosts as the default gateway address.
The host is not configured and is equivalent to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4 (equals ::)
Global unicast addresses (GUAs) are routable and are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses. The valid range for GUAs are from 2000::/64 thru 3fff:fff:fff:fff::/64.
A unique local address (ULA) in the range FC00::/7 is equivalent to IPv4 private network addressing.
The link-local unicast range (FE80::10 to FEBF::/10) is not routable off the link. An IPv6 device must have at least a link-local address to communicate to the IPv6 network before it has a GUA. The router’s link-local address is used by hosts as the default gateway address.
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Global unicast addresses (GUAs) are routable and are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses. The valid range for GUAs are from 2000::/64 thru 3fff:fff:fff:fff::/64.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Use
Multicast range
2000::/3
FE80::/10
A unique local address (ULA) in the range FC00::/7 is equivalent to IPv4 private network addressing.
Address Ranges
Address
Equivalent to the loopback address in IPv4 (127.0.0.1). Written as ::1
Click each address below for more information.
link-local
Local to that link (or network)
FC00::/7
Quality of
Service
Better connectivity since IPv6 eliminates the need for Network Address Translation (NAT)
More Efficient
Packet
Processing
Larger address space can keep up with the number of IoT devices (both now and in the future)
Larger Address
Space
Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
QoS manages data traffic to reduce packet loss, latency (how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one point to another) and jitter (any deviation in, or displacement of the signal pulses in a digital signal) on the network.
Larger address space can keep up with the number of IoT devices (both now and in the future)
Better security for networks and applications since IPSec, which provides confidentiality, authentication and data integrity is integrated within IPv6.
Better connectivity since IPv6 eliminates the need for Network Address Translation (NAT)
QoS manages data traffic to reduce packet loss, latency (how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one point to another) and jitter (any deviation in, or displacement of the signal pulses in a digital signal) on the network.
IPv6 has a simplified packet header making packet processing more efficient.
Better Security
for Networks
and Applications
Quality of Service (QoS)
Manages data traffic to reduce packet loss, latency (how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one point to another) and jitter (any deviation in, or displacement of the signal pulses in a digital signal) on the network.
Better
Connectivity
IPv6 has a simplified packet header making packet processing more efficient.
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Better security for networks and applications since IPSec, which provides confidentiality, authentication and data integrity is integrated within IPv6.
Link-local
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GUA
QUIZ 3 of 5
Try again
A device must have this type of address to communicate to the IPv6 network before it has a Global Unicast Address.
Correct!
ULA
What type of address is fe80 :: 5aef : 68ff : fec0 : 698?
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QUIZ 1 of 5
Compress the IP address and enter your answer in the blank box.
(Note: Please don’t use any blank spaces in your answer).
Expand the following IPv6 compressed format addresses.
(Note: Please don’t use any blank spaces in your answer).
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QUIZ 2 of 5
Try again
A Global Unicast address is routable and is equivalent to a public IPv4 address.
fe80::5aef:68ff:fec0:698c
Which of the following addresses is routable?
fde4:8dba:82e1:ffff::001
QUIZ 4 of 5
2001:db8:cafe:200::77
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Try again
The address is a valid address. Remember, this type of address uses the first 8 bits as the prefix, and those bits are set to 1111 1111.
That is an invalid IPv6 address
QUIZ 5 of 5
What type of address is FF02 :: 1 : FFF : FF?
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